2020年成人高考英语答题技巧：阅读理解
阅读理解的最后一题常常提问在作者对文章中某一问题的态度(Attitude)、全文的基调(Tone)、文章的出处(Source)及对文章前后接续内容的判断等。
关于态度或基调(Attitude/Tone)类题的回答应从篇章的体裁着手，一般来说，在说明文中作者的态度是客观的(objective)或中立的(neutral);而在议论文中，作者的观点才会显得多种多样，常风的选项有：
(1)positive(积极的)
(2)negative(消极的)
(3)neutral(中立的)
(4)approval(赞成的)
(5)disapproval(不赞成的)
(6)indifferent(漠不关心的)
(7)sarcastic(讽刺的)
(8)critical(批评的)
(9)optimistic(乐观的)
(10)pessimistic(悲观的)
问题的几种提问方式：
(1)What's the writer's attitude to…
(2)What's the tone of the passage?
(3)The author's view is_______
有文章中，作者观点明确，文章基调清楚，而有的文章中，作者仅仅暗示对某一问题的态度和观点，需要阅读时仔细琢磨。解答这类问题时，首先应请注意篇章中起连接手段作用的那些词语;其次应注意有些表明作者观点词汇，如形容词、动词等。
对文章的出处及文章前后接续内容判断等可从全篇着手，从个别句子或词汇找线索进行判断。
Example：
I am not so nave，however，as
to believe that is responsible
for this unfortunate situation
of the American woman. I am not
a feminist，but I am an
individualist.I do not believe
there is any important
difference between men and
women.certainly not as much as
there may be between one woman
and another or one man and
an-other.There are plenty of
women and men，for that matter
who would be completely
fulfilled in being allowed to be
as lazy as possible.If someone
will ensconce them in a pleasant
home and pay their bills，they
ask no more of life. It is quite
all right for these men and
women to live thus so long as
fools can be found who will pay
so much for nothing much in
return.Gigolos，male and
female，are to be found in every
class and in the best of
homes.But when a man does not
want to be a gigolo，he has the
freedom to go out and work and
create as well as he can.But a
woman has not.Even if her
individual husband lets
her，tradition in society is
against her.In this passage the
author looks on the situation of
women with an attitude of.
A)amusement
B)indifference
C)disapproval
D)condemnation
此篇文章中，作者对待这一问题的态度十分明确、强硬(如用语I
am not
等等)，因此只参在选项C)和D)中选择。而从文章中的“gigolos”，"fools"等词可看出作者不仅不赞成而且态度更甚。所以，选项C)程度还不够，这一题的正确答案是D)
(4)The
writer's
attitude
of，this
passage
is
apparently_________
(5)The
author
suggests
that_________
(6)According
to
author__________
有文章中，作者观点明确，文章基调清楚，而有的文章中，作者仅仅暗示对某一问题的态度和观点，需要阅读时仔细琢磨。解答这类问题时，首先应请注意篇章中起连接手段作用的那些词语;其次应注意有些表明作者观点词汇，如形容词、动词等。
对文章的出处及文章前后接续内容判断等可从全篇着手，从个别句子或词汇找线索进行判断。
Example：
I
am
not
so
nave，however，as
to
believe
that
is
responsible
for
this
unfortunate
situation
of
the
American
woman.
I
am
not
a
feminist，but
I
am
an
individualist.I
do
not
believe
there
is
any
important
difference
between
men
and
women.certainly
not
as
much
as
there
may
be
between
one
woman
and
another
or
one
man
and
an-other.There
are
plenty
of
women
and
men，for
that
matter
who
would
be
completely
fulfilled
in
being
allowed
to
be
as
lazy
as
possible.If
someone
will
ensconce
them
in
a
pleasant
home
and
pay
their
bills，they
ask
no
more
of
life.
It
is
quite
all
right
for
these
men
and
women
to
live
thus
so
long
as
fools
can
be
found
who
will
pay
so
much
for
nothing
much
in
return.Gigolos，male
and
female，are
to
be
found
in
every
class
and
in
the
best
of
homes.But
when
a
man
does
not
want
to
be
a
gigolo，he
has
the
freedom
to
go
out
and
work
and
create
as
well
as
he
can.But
a
woman
has
not.Even
if
her
individual
husband
lets
her，tradition
in
society
is
against
her.In
this
passage
the
author
looks
on
the
situation
of
women
with
an
attitude
of.
A)amusement
B)indifference
C)disapproval
D)condemnation
此篇文章中，作者对待这一问题的态度十分明确、强硬(如用语I
am
not
等等)，因此只参在选项C)和D)中选择。而从文章中的“gigolos”，"fools"等词可看出作者不仅不赞成而且态度更甚。所以，选项C)程度还不够，这一题的正确答案是D)
关于词汇问题(Vocabulary)
词汇(Vocabulary)是三级阅读理解测试中非常重要的一项。词汇类其实也是就细节进行提问，所不同的是这是唯一关于词或词组的练习项目，词汇题往往要求对文章中的某个单词、短语甚至句子等找出近义词或最合适的解释。解答这类题需要学生拥有较大的词汇量。可是，单词记忆似乎已成为学生普遍反映最头痛的难题。阅读理解中词汇类问题的常见提问方式有下列几种：
(1)According
to
the
author，the
word“…”means_______.
(2)Which
of
the
following
is
nearest
in
meaning
to“…”?
(3)The
term“……”in
paragraph…can
be
best
replaced
by…
(4)What's
the
meaning
of“…”in
line…of
paragraph…
(5)As
used
in
the
line…，the
word“…”refers
to_______.
一般来说，在文章的阅读中解决释义的最邓办法是猜测词义。猜测词义也需要一定的技巧，可以通过：1)上下文间意义的联系;2)同义关系;反义关系;3)词的定义;4)对词的解释和举例;5)构词法知识猜测词义。
1、利用上下文词语意义的互相联系猜测词义
Example：
The
fishermen
make
their
canoes
from
tree
trunks.They
go
from
island
to
island
in
these
light
marrow
boats
and
collect
turtles'
eggs.
我们从上下文中可以得出以下信息：“canoes”是一种渔夫用树木做的、来回于岛屿之间的、轻狭长的、类似于小船之类的东西。尽管我们可能还不能肯定它的确切解释，但这一生词已经不会影响我们的阅读和理解了。
Example：
Jogging
has
become
very
popular
in
some
countries，It
is
believed
to
be
a
good
exercise
for
old
people.
“Jogging”的意思通过“a
good
exercise
for
old
people
”可以推断出是一种适合老年人的剧烈的运动方式。
2、利用文章中词与词的同义和反义关系猜测词义
Example：
If
you
happened
to
be
sitting
in
the
woods
outside
the
city，you
might
have
witnessed
a
strange
sight.You
would
have
seen
a
very
proud
looking
man
riding
along
horseback，saying
something.
在文章中可以很容易地判断出“witnesss”的同义关系词是“seen”，因此“witness”就是看见的意思。
Example：
In
the
northern
regions
the
winters
are
generally
cold
and
humid，and
the
summers
hot
and
dry.
显然，冬天和夏天的气候是截然相反的，它们的修饰词的意思也应该截然相反。“cold”与“hot”对应，“humid”与“dry”对应。因此，“humid”是“潮湿”的意思。
3、利用文章中对词的定义猜测词义
Example：
Such
experiences
are
not
unusual
for
the
amateur
conchologists，people
who
collect
shells.
Conchologists的意思可以根据该词后面的同位解释“people
who
collect
shells”理解为收集贝壳的人或贝壳收藏家。
Example：
Jack
is
now
a
florist，who
keeps
a
shop
for
selling
flowers
in
our
district.
“florist”的意思就是其后定语从句“who
keeps
a
shop
for
selling
flowers”所描述的拥有一家专门卖花的商店的人，即“花店主”。
4、利用文章中对词的举例及解释猜测词义
Example：
Today
young
couples
who
are
just
starting
their
households
of
ten
spend
lots
of
their
money
on
appliances，for
instance，washing
machines，refrigerators
and
color
TVs.
通过所举的例子(washing
machines，refrigerators
and
color
TVs)
可以看出，“appliances”应是这些名词的总称，即“家用电器”。
Example：
Finally
the
enemy
surrendered.They
threw
down
their
weapons
and
walked
out
of
the
home
with
their
hands
over
their
heads.
通过后一句对“surrendered”的解释：扔掉武器(throw
down
their
weapons)，举起双手(with
their
hands
over
heads)可知其意是“投降”。
5、利用构词法知识(前缀和后缀)猜测词义
Example：
They
overestimate
the
interviewee's
ability
and
asked
him
many
difficult
questions.
“estimate”是“估计”的意思，“over-”是前缀，意为“过分，过度，超过”等，因此“overestimate”就是“高估”的意思。
Example：
We
were
told
that
ours
was
the
most
spacious
room
in
the
hotel
.That
was
why
we
had
to
pay
so
much
for
it.
“spacious”是由“space”(名词，空间)+“ious”(形容词后缀变化而来的，因此，可猜测其词义为“宽敞”。)
各种各样的前、后缀可以构成名词、形容词、动词、副词等，这些词缀需要平时不断地积累和记忆。掌握构词法知识是扩大词汇量和猜测生词词义的最佳办法。
关于推理性问题(Inference)
推理性问题与细节性问题相似，也是对文章具体内容的判断。但推理不但要求掌握文章所表达的字面含义，还要掌握一定的逻辑判断能力及写作技巧知识，从文章表面推出更深层含义，这部分往往出题分量大，难度大，出错也最多，归根结底还是对文章内容没有做到真正的理解和掌握。
Inference类问题主要包括Significance和Communication
Techniques两大类。
1、Significance
文字表面往往没有明显反映作者的全部意图，有些含义需要读者从字里行间去体会，靠自己的逻辑推理能力去判断，从上下文的联贯及文中有关部分的暗示去明析作者隐含的意思。这类问题的命题方式有：
(1)The
writer
implies
but
not
directly
states
that__________.
(2)It
can
be
inferred
from
the
passage
that_________.
(3)The
author
strongly
suggests
that__________.
(4)It
can
be
concluded
from
the
passage
that________.
(5)The
passage
is
intended
to__________.
(6)The
writer
indicates
that__________.
Example:
Nursing
at
Beth
Israel
Hospital
produces
the
best
patient
care
possible.If
we
were
to
solve
the
nursing
shortage，hospital
administration
and
doctors
everywhere
would
do
well
to
follow
Beth
Israel's
example.
At
Beth
Israel
each
patient
is
assigned
to
a
primary
nurse
who
visits
at
length
with
the
patient
and
constructs
a
full-scale
health
ac-count
that
covers
everything
from
his
medical
history
to
his
emotion-al
state.Then
she
writes
a
care
plan
centered
on
the
patient's
illness
but
which
also
includes
everything
else
that
is
necessary.
The
primary
nurse
stays
with
the
patient
through
his
hospitalization，keeping
track
with
his
progress
and
seeking
further
advice
from
his
doctor.If
a
patient
at
Beth
Israel
is
not
responding
to
treatment，it
is
not
uncommon
for
his
nurse
to
propose
another
approach
to
his
doctor.What
the
doctor
at
Beth
Israel
has
in
the
primary
nurse
is
a
true
colleague.
Nursing
at
Beth
Israel
also
involves
a
decentralized(分散的)nursing
administration;every
floor，every
unit
is
a
self-contained
organization.There
are
nurse
managers
instead
of
head
nurses，in
addition
to
their
medical
duties
they
do
all
their
own
hiring
and
dismissing，employee
advising，and
they
make
salary
recommendations.Each
unit's
nurse
decide
among
themselves
who
will
work
what
shifts
and
when.
Beth
Israel's
nurse-in-chief
ranks
as
an
equal
with
other
vice
presidents
of
the
hospital.
She
also
is
a
member
of
the
Medical
Executive
Committee，which
in
most
hospitals
includes
only
doctors.
It
can
be
inferred
from
the
passage
that__________.
A)compared
with
other
hospitals
nurses
at
Beth
Israel
Hospital
are
more
patient
B)in
most
hospitals
nurses
get
low
salaries
C)in
most
hospitals
nurses
get
low
salaries
D)compared
with
other
hospitals
nurses
have
to
work
longer
hour
at
Beth
Israel
Hospital
本题要求考生判断4个选项中哪一个是根据文章可以推断出的结论，要求考生根据文章内容作出合理的推断。从本题所提供的4个选项来看，文章并未谈及护士的“耐心”(A);也未谈及护士的“工资待遇”(C)，只是说到护士的工资提升要由各科室推荐;更未涉及护士的“工作时间长短”(D))，文章的第一段最后一句才是得出正确答案的依据，这句的意思是：“如果我们确要解决护理工作不足的问题，那么各地医院的行政部门和医生最好还是效法一下Beth
Israel医院”，主句的虚拟语气也说明这一点：迄今为止还未做到。由此可以推断：①护理不充分是一个应该解决的问题;②这个问题普遍存在，否则就没有必要要求各地医院行政部门和医生效法这家医院的做法。因此本题的正确答案为B)，本题属于局域型问题的间接性问题，这类问题是考生出错最多的题型。在做这类问题时，切忌从篇章的个别句子中寻找答案，而应把目光放在全篇的理解上：作者写这篇文章的目的是什么，针对什么问题，如何解决等。有许多考生可能都有这种体验：有的问题，第一遍阅读时做对了，第二遍再细读后，又改错了。这就是因为他们在读第二遍时注意了对篇章的个别句于的推敲，而忽视了整篇文章的大意。
2、Communication
Techniques
文章中的每一句话都有它的作用和目的，都是为作者的写作而服务的。有的是下层意思的铺垫，有的是上旬话的结果，互相衬托，互相联系。四级阅读中常常就技巧性问题提问，测试读者对文章是否正确理解。这类题的命题方式有：
(1)The
fact...is
mentioned
by
the
author
to
show_________.
(2)The
author
achieves
his
purpose
by
depending
mainly
upon.
(3)The
writer
talks
about...in
order
io_________
.
(4)In
discussing...the
author_________.
(5)The
author's
statement
about...is
a...for...
Example：
If
women
are
mercilessly
exploited
year
after
year，they
have
only
themselves
to
blame.
Because
they
tremble
at
the
thought
of
being
seen
in
public
in
clothes
that
are
out
of
fashion，they
are
al-ways
taken
advantage
of
by
the
designers
and
the
big
stores.Clothes
which
have
been
worn
only
a
few
times
have
to
be
put
aside
because
of
the
change
of
fashion.When
you
come
to
think
of
it，only
a
woman
is
capable
of
standing
in
front
of
a
wardrobe
packed
full
of
clothes
and
announcing
sadly
that
she
has
nothing
to
wear.Changing
fashions
are
nothing
more
than
the
intentional
creation
of
waste.Many
women
spend
vast
sums
of
money
each
year
to
replace
clothes
that
have
hardly
been
worn.Women
who
cannot
afford
to
throw
away
clothing
in
this
way，waste
hours
of
their
time
altering
the
dresses
they
have.
Skirts
are
lengthened
or
shortened，necklines
are
lowered
or
raised，and
so
on.
No
one
can
claim
that
the
fashion
industry
contributes
any
thing
really
important
to
society.Fashion
designers
are
rarely
concerned
with
vital
things
like
warmth，comfort
and
durability.They
are
only
interested
in
outward
appearance
and
they
take
advantage
of
the
fact
that
women
will
put
up
with
any
amount
of
discomfort，as
long
as
they
look
right.There
can
hardly
be
a
man
who
hasn't
at
some
time
in
his
life
smiled
at
the
sight
of
a
woman
shaking
in
a
thin
dress
on
a
winter
day，or
delicately
picking
her
way
through
deep
snow
in
high-
heeled
shoes.
When
comparing
men
and
women
in
the
matter
of
fashion，the
conclusions
to
be
drawn
are
obvious.Do
the
constantly
changing
fashions
of
women's
clothes，one
wonders，reflect
basic
qualities
of
inconstancy
and
instability?Men
are
too
clever
to
let
themselves
be
cheated
by
fashion
designers.Do
their
unchanging
styles
of
dress
reflect
basic
qualities
of
stability
and
reliability?That
is
for
you
to
decide.To
the
writer，the
fact
that
women
alter
their
old-fashioned
dresses
is
seen
as_________.
A)a
waste
of
money
B)waste
of
time
C)an
expression
of
taste
本题问题是：女士们把过了时的衣服改来改去，在作者看来是“浪费金钱”(A));是“(女士对服装的)喜好(品味)的表现”(C));是“(女士们)创造性的表现”(D));还是(B))所说的“浪费时间”。根据第二段所说的“waste
hours
of
their
time
altering
the
dresses
they
have.”(Para.2，Line
4——5，答案应选B)
关于细节性问题(Suppporting
Details)
细节性问题是关于Supporting
Details类的问题，通过Skimming找出主题后，应进一步掌握阐述和发展主题的主要事实，或按要求找出特定细节。在回答此类问题时，应采用查读法(Scanning)，因为这些具体内容(Detai1s)是用来说明、论证或分析文章中心的。这类题目常以“WH-”形式来提问，如who，what，when，where，why及how等形式。这些问题的表达常不采用文章中的原话提问，而是使用同义词语等，因此，在选择答案前应首先看准题于，看清问题所问究竟;然后，在查读时注意寻找与题目相关的关键词语;最后，在充分理解原文、原题的基础上确定正确答案。
当然，这类细节性问题所涉及的面是很广的。有的涉及数字计算，如问时间、距离、次数、数量等，认真计算后方可选定正确答案;有的涉及正误判断，要先看选项，根据选项提供的线索，寻视文中相应部分，最后在题中选出肯定答案;还有的寻问事实、原因、结果、目的等。总之，做细节题切忌通过自己对某类知识的主观了解和认识做出想像判断，一定要紧扣文章内容，不可随心所欲。
细节类问题的命题方式有以下几种：
(1)Which
of
the
following
is
NOT
true
according
to
the
information
in
the
passage?